Impact factor - Wikipedia. This article is about a measure of journal influence. For other similar metrics, see Citation impact. The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a measure reflecting the yearly average number of citations to recent articles published in that journal. It is frequently used as a proxy for the relative importance of a journal within its field; journals with higher impact factors are often deemed to be more important than those with lower ones. The impact factor was devised by Eugene Garfield, the founder of the Institute for Scientific Information.

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Impact factors are calculated yearly starting from 1. Journal Citation Reports. Calculation[edit]In any given year, the impact factor of a journal is the number of citations, received in that year, of articles published in that journal during the two preceding years, divided by the total number of articles published in that journal during the two preceding years: [1]IFy=Citationsy−1+Citationsy−2. Publicationsy−1+Publicationsy−2{\displaystyle {\text{IF}}_{y}={{\text{Citations}}_{y- 1}+{\text{Citations}}_{y- 2} \over {\text{Publications}}_{y- 1}+{\text{Publications}}_{y- 2}}}For example, Nature had an impact score of 4. IF2. 01. 4=Citations.

Citations. 20. 12. Publications. 20.

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Citations}}_{2. 01. Publications}}_{2. Publications}}_{2. This means that, on average, its papers published in 2. Note that 2. 01. 4 impact factors are actually published in 2.

New journals, which are indexed from their first published issue, will receive an impact factor after two years of indexing; in this case, the citations to the year prior to Volume 1, and the number of articles published in the year prior to Volume 1, are known zero values. Journals that are indexed starting with a volume other than the first volume will not get an impact factor until they have been indexed for three years.

Occasionally, Journal Citation Reports assigns an impact factor to new journals with less than two years of indexing, based on partial citation data.[3][4] The calculation always uses two complete and known years of item counts, but for new titles one of the known counts is zero. Annuals and other irregular publications sometimes publish no items in a particular year, affecting the count. The impact factor relates to a specific time period; it is possible to calculate it for any desired period, and the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) also includes a five- year impact factor.[5] The JCR shows rankings of journals by impact factor, if desired by discipline, such as organic chemistry or psychiatry. The impact factor is used to compare different journals within a certain field. The Web of Science indexes more than 1. It is possible to examine the impact factor of the journals in which a particular person has published articles.

This use is widespread, but controversial. Garfield warns about the "misuse in evaluating individuals" because there is "a wide variation from article to article within a single journal".[8]Some companies are producing false impact factors.[9]Criticisms[edit]Numerous criticisms have been made regarding the use of impact factors.[1. For one thing, the impact factor might not be consistently reproduced in an independent audit.[1.

There is also a more general debate on the validity of the impact factor as a measure of journal importance and the effect of policies that editors may adopt to boost their impact factor (perhaps to the detriment of readers and writers). Other criticism focuses on the effect of the impact factor on behavior of scholars, editors and other stakeholders.[1. Others have criticized the impact factor more generally on the institutional background of the neoliberal academia, claiming that what is needed is not just its replacement with more sophisticated metrics but a democratic discussion on the social value of research assessment and the growing precariousness of scientific careers.[1.

Validity as a measure of importance[edit]It has been stated that impact factors and citation analysis in general are affected by field- dependent factors[1. The percentage of total citations occurring in the first two years after publication also varies highly among disciplines from 1–3% in the mathematical and physical sciences to 5–8% in the biological sciences.[2. Thus impact factors cannot be used to compare journals across disciplines. Because citation counts have highly skewed distributions,[2. For example, about 9. Watch Summer Of `42 Online Flashx. Nature's 2. 00. 4 impact factor was based on only a quarter of its publications, and thus the actual number of citations for a single article in the journal is in most cases much lower than the mean number of citations across articles.[2.

Furthermore, the strength of the relationship between impact factors of journals and the citation rates of the papers therein has been steadily decreasing since articles began to be available digitally.[2. Indeed, impact factors are sometimes used to evaluate not only the journals but the papers therein, thereby devaluing papers in certain subjects.[2.

The Higher Education Funding Council for England was urged by the House of Commons. Science and Technology Select Committee to remind Research Assessment Exercise panels that they are obliged to assess the quality of the content of individual articles, not the reputation of the journal in which they are published.[2.

The effect of outliers can be seen in the case of the article "A short history of SHELX", which included this sentence: "This paper could serve as a general literature citation when one or more of the open- source SHELX programs (and the Bruker AXS version SHELXTL) are employed in the course of a crystal- structure determination". This article received more than 6,6. As a consequence, the impact factor of the journal Acta Crystallographica Section A rose from 2. Nature (at 3. 1. 4. Science (at 2. 8.

The second- most cited article in Acta Crystallographica Section A in 2. It is also important to note that impact factor is a journal metric and should not be used to assess individual researchers or institutions.[3. Journal rankings constructed based solely on impact factors only moderately correlate with those compiled from the results of expert surveys.[3.